Category Archives: Humanity Highlights

The Art of Journalling

From cave paintings to stone tablets to modern paper forms, people have been expressing themselves and capturing moments in time for millennia, driven by an innate desire to record their lives. My personal belief is that our creativity is an expression of our Creator’s own character, whether we know Him personally or not; it’s what drives us to share our lives with others, to relate our experiences and preserve them for posterity.

With the dawn of the internet, interconnectivity has become something we often take for granted, but it is amazing nevertheless. No other generation before us has literally had the world at its fingertips. We can not only learn about a country on the other side of the planet, but we can also learn something from someone on the other side, too. Seeing things from others’ perspectives and allowing their ways of seeing the world to teach us new skills is a privilege.

In modern times, journalling has never been easier and has never had as many possibilities; they come in all shapes, sizes and varieties:

The first that comes to mind is the daily journal: That may be something as simple as recording what you did in the day or making a note if you bought something like a new laptop or a household electronic gadget; it may also be a place to record deeper ideas, or to form thoughts that help us work through an issue we’re facing. I’ve been keeping a daily journal since I was around 8 years old, and with few exceptions, I still have all of those journals on our library shelves! One, from my time in Hawaii, was lost somewhere along the way, and another was in a suitcase stolen back in 1992 when I was living in Scotland. We may not think that recording such mundane, daily things has any significance, but in a hundred years, scholars will be clambering to find out how much things cost back then, or what common people did daily. There are many museums which collect journals for that very reason.

Sometimes people need a boost of focus with what’s known as a productivity journal: This might be used to record specific goals and timelines, or measurable progress toward a project or health goal such as weight loss (this could be called a food journal if your sole focus is dietary). It can be used to track steps toward a goal, a hobby or a target. Closely related to this journal is what’s known as a bullet journal: This includes things like to-do lists, checklists and trackers. I use this method when I’m in the proof-reading phase of a book; the more experience I have in writing, the shorter those checklists and watch-out-for lists get, but it’s still a useful method for staying focused. Related to these is a planner journal, also known as an agenda, used to plan appointments and events and to remember activities and birthdays. Some people like these as physical paper, while others have phone or computer apps with the same functions.

A gratitude/happiness journal is another type of motivating diary. In it, you record things you’re grateful for; you practice mindfulness and focus on the positive. In this batship crazy world we live in, such a journal is almost a necessity!

A reading journal is a way of tracking what you’ve read, impressions or side notes while reading, and a to-be-read list.

Travel journals are another popular form of recording holiday memories. Whenever we have travel holidays, e.g. renting a motorhome, I take along a homemade notebook. I keep track of mileage, expenses, and where we stop or visit along the way. I will also put things like postcards, ferry tickets, or tourist brochures in the notebook. We have a growing collection from holidays in Scotland, Norway, New Zealand, and across Switzerland.

The journals above are primarily text-centric; but another variety focuses on the aesthetic and visual, a way of expressing creativity while practising mindfulness through colours and textures.

One visual form is a nature journal; among the most famous of this kind is The Country Diary of an Edwardian Lady (1906), by Edith Holden. It’s still in print, and her drawings, as well as her handwriting, are exquisite!

Edith Holden's Diary

Another visual form is commonly known as a junk journal; I would say it is the modern iteration of scrapbooking, though there are differences: Scrapbooking is focused on preserving memories of certain events or phases of life through photos and/or memorabilia like theatre tickets. Junk journalling began as a freeform way of journalling using (as the name implies) junk – packaging, recycled materials or papers, and things that might usually be thrown away otherwise. Nowadays, many junk journalists use craft papers, digital graphic kits, and many make their own digital visuals and use their social media to promote and sell their products by showing how to use them in “junk” journals. The camps are divided on the issue – can it still be called a “junk journal” when it’s mainly comprised of printed materials specifically for that purpose? I personally don’t junk journal, per se – I appreciate many of the techniques developed to fill such a journal, but I tend to be more of a practical crafter – if it can be aesthetically pleasing and practical, I’m all in; but I have neither time nor space to fill a journal with random tags and stuffers just to make it thick and interesting. One journal I have made is a book of writing prompts; it’s of practical use, with interesting pages drawn from junk journalling techniques. Nothing is in the book just for show; everything is there to inspire toward creative writing.

Other types of visual journals are art journals: These can take the form of painted pages, mixed media, or hand-drawn artwork. I have three types of art journals: One is a book I take with me on holidays, in which I mainly draw calligrams – impressions, nature, street art, or museum exhibits drawn from words. I usually do a sketch first, then research the topic, then fill in a condensed version of that research to fit the drawing, replacing the shape and contours with words. Another art journal I maintain is a mixed media journal; I add to this one as inspiration and time collide. The third art journal is what I call my inspiration book: When I come across an idea that I want to remember, such as a way to make a journalling pocket or insert, I will make a sample and put it in this book. I have things in the book that I have sold in our annual Advent market – samples of popular items with measurements and details to remember.

Another type of art journal, perhaps closely related to the food journal above, is a recipe journal: It’s an artistic expression with the purpose of creating an heirloom book of favourite or family recipes. They might be made as a bridal gift, birthday gift, or retirement gift.

There are a dozen other ways to journal: Bible journalling, therapeutic, morning brain dumps, dream journalling, mood tracking, and the list goes on.

Question:

Do you journal? If so, which form does it take? Do you use several journal expressions, and if so, are they used in combination or separately?

6 Comments

Filed under Articles, Calligram, Humanity Highlights, Lists, Nature, Research

Good News: Our Focus

Unless you’ve been living under a rock, I’m guessing you know that the world is batship crazy right now: Wars and rumours of wars (Matthew 24:6); earthquakes setting off chain-reactions of town-swallowing landslides and a cluster of volcanoes taking deep breaths to blast anytime soon; massive storms and flooding in places unprepared for such weather. And those topics are just the tips of melting icebergs.

We could focus on such things and despair; it’s no wonder that depression soars, in some places as high as 1 in 6 people globally. Positive news is elusive – not because it isn’t there, but because it doesn’t grab our emotions like negative or shocking news does; this is why it’s dominant in news reports, newspapers or YouTube thumbnails. Drama sells. But it’s also selling anti-depressants.

But I have good news: Focus is what it’s all about.

If we focus on something, that’s what we’ll begin to see everywhere. Take the example of a puzzle: When you’re working on a particular section and looking for blue, you’ll begin to see blue on pieces you hadn’t noticed before. If we focus on the negative and the bad things happening in the world, we’ll begin to see only that, and it’s no wonder we feel blue.

The Bible has a lot of wisdom, even if you don’t yet believe in God. Philippians 4:8 encourages us to focus on good things: “…whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable – if anything is excellent or praiseworthy – think about such things.” The message of Jesus is called the Good News for many reasons; I encourage you to explore the Bible. If you prefer to watch rather than read, I highly recommend The Chosen series – all free online, in any language! All you need to do is sign up, and you’ll have access to the series and all the extras that have already been released – five seasons so far, with two to come.

My husband and I read a devotional every evening, and one of the elements is this: “As I end this day in God’s safe keeping, I count three blessings before my sleeping.” It causes us to focus on the good things of the day; sometimes it can be as simple as, “I was able to get up without assistance, dress myself, and walk and breathe on my own.” All things that most people take for granted… until they’re gone. They are tremendous blessings and not inevitable or unimportant! It’s a good way to end the day… focusing on upsies, not downsies.

There is a lot of good news happening around the world, but as I said, it can be elusive. Thankfully, there are people out there focused on finding it for us and reporting about it! Here’s a link to the appropriately named Good News YouTube channel that brings a dose of good reports from around the world, from ecology to breakthroughs in science and medicine. Another channel worth watching is called Planet Wild, which focuses on restoration and conservation, putting people’s money to immediate use in projects focused on the environment and ecology. They show the progress and report on positive changes.

When you hear about or watch something that’s good news, please let me know in the comments below which story captures your imagination or encourages you!

Take a few minutes every day to focus on what is true, noble, right, pure, lovely, admirable, excellent and praiseworthy.

1 Comment

Filed under Articles, Humanity Highlights, Links to External Articles, YouTube Link

History Undusted: Carol of the Bells

I hope you all had a refreshing Christmas and are about to have a great start to the coming new year! If you’re like me, Christmas songs have been playing for the past few weeks; and if you stop to think about it, every song we know and sing has an origin story: “Amazing Grace” was written by John Newton (an English slave trader-turned-abolitionist); the hymn “It Is Well With My Soul” was written by Horatio Spafford as his ship passed over the place where his four daughters had drowned in a shipwreck. Every song has a story, and the Carol of the Bells is no different.

The Carol of the Bells has been recorded well over a hundred times in the past decades, and it is one of the “classic” and loved Christmas carols – except that it didn’t start out as a Christmas song, but rather a spring song. I don’t usually like to offer little more than links, but explaining the history of the song and the fate of its Ukrainian composer is best told in the following video:

The Ukrainian Origin of “Carol of the Bells”: The Story of Shchedryk

As explaining a song without singing or playing it is a bit like explaining a story with no details, I would rather leave you with a few music video links to my favourite versions:

Lindsay Stirling

Pentatonix

Geoff Castellucci

I hope that you can take the time to learn the history behind the famous song and enjoy these versions.

Leave a comment

Filed under History Undusted, Humanity Highlights, Links to External Articles, Videos, YouTube Link

History Undusted: The CB Radio

You know how your brain fires off random thoughts as you fall to sleep, or combines odds-bods into dreams forgotten as soon as you wake up? For some reason, 10-4 popped into my head in those moments last night. It sent me down the rabbit hole I now present: The history of the CB radio.

The often-forgotten or overlooked inventor of the Citizen’s Band (CB) radio system, along with inventions such as a patented version of the walkie-talkie (originally invented by the Englishman Donald Hings), the telephone pager, and the cordless telephone – all precursors to today’s cell phones, was Al Gross (1918-2000): Born in Toronto, Canada, he grew up in Cleveland, Ohio. The son of Romanian-Jewish immigrants, his love for electronics was sparked when, at the age of nine, he was travelling by steamboat on Lake Erie; he explored the ship and ended up in the radio transmissions room, where the operator let him listen in. Eventually, he turned the family’s basement into a radio station built from scraps. During his higher studies, he experimented with ways to use radio frequencies.

During World War 2, he had some involvement with developing a two-way VHF air-to-ground communications system for the U.S. Office of Strategic Services, known as the Joan-Eleanor system, and after the war, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated a few frequencies for the Citizens’ Radio Service Frequency Band, in 1946. Gross saw the potential and founded the Gross Electronics Co. to produce two-way communications systems to make use of these frequencies; his firm was the first to receive FCC approval in 1948. For more about his other inventions, just follow the link on his name above. For now, let’s focus on the CB:

The CB radio became an international hit back before cell phones and computers became a thing (despite the prevalence of cell phones, CBs are still around; truckers still communicate about road conditions, etc. Its usage was also revived by the Covid lockdown, when people began reaching out to meet and talk to others outside of their own four walls). It was, and is, a way to communicate with others long-distance from home or on the go.

My dad was always interested in the latest technological gadgets; in the mid-70s, we got a laserdisc player, the precursor of CDs, and DVD/Blu-Ray players. I remember watching films like Logan’s Run and Heaven Can Wait on that format. Laserdiscs never really took off, and only about 2% of US households had one (it became more popular in Japan at the time). Around that time, we also got a CB radio in our VW van. My dad had a chart with all of the CB slang words and codes, and I memorised it, fascinated by the lingo. On long road trips, I would get on the CB and chat with truck drivers. My handle (nickname) was Spider-Fingers, as I liked spiders and had long fingers (long fingers has the connotation of thief, so I didn’t want to use that!). Here is just the tip of the iceberg, a smattering of the codes and slangs used by CB radio enthusiasts, truckers and handymen:

There were dozens of slang terms for law enforcement officers: Bear (police officer); bear trap (speed trap, radar trap) taking pictures, also called a Kojak With A Kodak; bear bait (an erratic or speeding driver); bear with ears (listening to CB traffic); bear in the air/flying doughnut/Spy in the sky (helicopter radar traps), baby bear (rookie), fox in the henhouse/Smokey in a plain wrapper (policemen in unmarked vehicles); honey bear, mamma bear or Miss Piggy (slangs for female police officers); Brush Your Teeth And Comb Your Hair (a law enforcement vehicle is radaring vehicles – as if preparing for an official photo). A Driving Award was a speeding ticket. To wish someone Shiny side up meant that you wished them safe travels (keeping the vehicle upright).

There were slang terms for objects or events, such as Bambi, meaning that there was wildlife near the road and to take precautions; a crotch rocket was a fast motorcycle; double-nickels was a 55-mph speed limit area; a fighter pilot was an erratic driver who switched lanes frequently, while a gear jammer was someone who sped up and slowed down frequently; Alabama chrome was duct tape; an alligator/gator was a piece of blown tire on the highway, as it looked in the distance like a gator sunbathing. Convoys had front doors and back doors – the front or back truck in the group that would keep an eye open for bear traps. Motion lotion was fuel; the hammer lane was the fast lane (hammer was the gas pedal, and to hammer down was to drive full-speed). Break/breaker: Informing other CB users that one wanted to start transmission on a channel; a handle might be introduced, or requested if someone was looking for a CB friend. “Breaker, this is Spider-Fingers, over.” Asking for a comeback meant that you couldn’t hear the last transmission or wanted the other driver to talk. Break check meant traffic congestion ahead, slow down. A Bumper Sticker/hitchhiker is a vehicle that is tailgating another vehicle.

Aside from hundreds of slang terms, there was a whole list of codes (I guess you could say that the codes were the precursors of emojis!):

10-4: Agreed, understood, acknowledged

4-10: The opposite – asking for agreement or if a transmission was received.

10-6: Busy, stand by

10-7: Signing off

10-10: Transmission completed, standing by (you’ll be listening)

10-20: Location – What’s your (10-)20? Home-20 was asking for a driver’s home location/base.

10-33: Emergency traffic, clear the channel. CB code for Mayday for trucks and police cars.

10-42: Accident on the road

3s and 8s: Well wishes to a fellow driver. Borrowed from amateur ham radio codes “73” (best regards) and “88” (hugs and kisses).

The lists go on and on! I love the dry sense of humour reflected in the slang, and I think our everyday language could be a bit livelier if we included a few phrases that looked at things from a different perspective. Everyone could do with more 3s and 8s, 4-10?

1 Comment

Filed under Articles, Etymology, Family History, History, History Undusted, Humanity Highlights, Humor, Liguistics, Linguistics, Links to External Articles, Military History, Science & Technology

History Undusted: Radium Girls

I’ve been thinking about writing on the topic of the Radium Girls for some time now. In our home library, the book by Kate Moore, The Radium Girls – The Dark Story of America’s Shining Women (2017), has been glowing at me (not literally, thank goodness!). The book is a fascinating history of the women who worked in watch-making factories across the States, and the groundbreaking battle for workers’ and women’s rights, which helped shape labour laws that would protect future generations from shameless exploitation.

Curie is the unit of measurement for radioactivity, named for both Marie Sklodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie (co-winners of her first Nobel Prize, in Physics, 1903); Marie went on to win a second in another field (Chemistry, 1911). Their oldest daughter, Irene Joilet-Curie, won the Nobel Prize (with her husband, Frédéric) in 1935, also in chemistry. Marie Curie died from the effects of exposure to radiation on 4 July 1934 (her husband would have had the same fate, but he was killed in 1906 in a road accident). Even today, her papers and even her cookbook are so radioactive that they are stored in lead boxes, and anyone examining them must be fully protected. I could do a whole history of the Sklodowska and Curie families; the women were intelligent, educated, ahead of their time and left their marks on history in several fields of science. [I don’t know if the book would be available where you live, but the youngest daughter of Marie, Eve Curie, wrote a biography about her mother, published in 1937 in several languages (I have the 1938 Swiss edition, in German). The book can be found in e-book formats as well.]

Marie and Pierre Curie experimenting with radium. Drawing by André Castaigne. Notice that they are all handling the radioactive material without protective gear…

Radium, discovered by the Curies in December 1898, caught public fascination; soon, Radium was touted as the cure-all of the new century. It was sold as healthy, as something that would make your skin glow. It was said to cure ailments and recharge your physiological batteries with pure energy. It was put into toothpastes, face creams, soaps, bath salts, makeup, and pure energy drinks. And it was painted onto the face of watches: Each painter would mix her own paints in a small crucible; they each had a camel hair paint brush and were instructed to keep their brushes pointed with their lips: Lip, dip, paint. The girls at the factories would paint their nails and faces with the paint for fun.

And then people started getting sick. Eaten from the inside out, their bodies started disintegrating, and they started dying. And at the time, workers at factories were earning a penny per watch face painted; they were too poor to quit, and too sick to work. And the company big boys denied all responsibility, medical aid or financial compensation. Eventually, though some of the Radium Girls tried to sue the United States Radium Corporation, the company dragged the case on so long that most of the women were bedridden by the time the company forced them to settle out of court. It was too late for those girls and those like them still working in the factories; their bones will glow for a thousand years. But public opinion was already on the side of the women, and it fueled a turning point in protective legislation, not only in America but in Europe as well.

For a fascinating insight into this topic, here are two links:

Radium Girls, Wikipedia

The film: Radium Girls (2020) (1:37)

Oh, and by the way: If you find an old, glow-in-the-dark watch face for sale made any time before 1971, give it a WIDE berth.

2 Comments

Filed under History, History Undusted, Humanity Highlights, Links to External Articles, Science & Technology, YouTube Link

Obsoletusvocabularium…  Up with Archaism!

English is relatively young, as languages go. Like a sponge, it absorbs words and meanings from other languages, then squeezes them out in a similar (or widely different) form.  In other words, English is a survivor; it has survived the attempts to destroy it by the Danish Vikings, the French (Normans, aka Vikings disguised as French), and the Germans. These historical encounters give me high hopes that it will survive the age of the Cell Phone.  With each skirmish, it has come out stronger, more versatile and more flexible.  When the Pilgrims packed up English and crated it off to the New World, it was locked, as it were, in a time capsule. British English absorbed a few bad habits from the French before they thought better of it and distanced themselves during the French Revolution, but in the meantime, contentious pronunciation differences to that time-capsule relative over the Pond had crept in and persist to this day. One example: The American pronunciation of schedule (/skedju(e)l/) is from the original Greek pronunciation, which was used in Britain for onk-years until they took on the fancier French-ified pronunciation of /shedju(e)l/.  For a fascinating glimpse into how Modern English was formed, William Caxton (~1422-~1491) is your man.

While English pilled through the pockets of invaders stealing loose grammar, we also lost a few words along the way:  Some words are known to us in one form but not the other, while other words have been lost altogether due to a more convenient absorption or form arising.  You know of disgruntled (adj.), but what about gruntle (v.) or disgruntle (v.)?  And dis– in this particular case is not used to form the antonym of gruntle, but means exceedingly gruntled.  And I don’t know about you, but conject as a verb makes more sense than “conjecture” to me.  And shall we vote to bring back “Oliphant,” as J.R.R. Tolkien saved it from extinction through his use of it in Lord of the Rings?  What about pash (n.), contex (v.), or spelunk (n.)?  We know of fiddle-faddle, but what about plain ol’ “faddle” (to trifle)?  Some, admittedly, are not missed; toforan is better served with heretofore, in my humble opinion (IMHO).  Needsways is a Scottish word, obsolete in England and America perhaps, but alive and well north of the Border.  There are some deliciously eccentric words which deserve resuscitation, such as loblolly, bric-a-brac, sulter, pill (v., to plunder, pillage – ought to come in handy, that), quib, bugbear, uptake (as a verb), wist (intent), or sluggy.  If Sir Walter Scott can save words such as doff and don from extinction, so can we.

Oh, and if you’re wondering about the word archaism, it means “retention of what is old and obsolete.”  So twinge your language to include these mobile words and their meanings, and revelate your intelligence! And if you’re curious, yes, Grammarly and spellcheck were going batship crazy with this post!😎

(Comic from xkcd used under a Creative Commons license)

1 Comment

Filed under Cartoon, Etymology, Grammar, History, History Undusted, Humanity Highlights, Liguistics, Linguistics, Snapshots in History

History Undusted: Code Talkers

Navajo code talkers, Cpl. Henry Blake Jr. and PFC George H Kirk, who served with the Marine Signal Unit.
Source: Public Domain

Code talkers were Native Americans from various tribes who were employed by the US military during World War 2 as radio operators; their native tongues were indecipherable to anyone listening in, and as a result, their transmissions of sensitive messages were invaluable in allied victories on every Pacific island, including Iwo Jima, as well as in Europe in decisive battles.

Codes were developed based on the languages of the Assiniboin, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Choctaw, Comanche, Cree, Crow, Fox, Hopi, Kiowa, Menominee, Navajo, Ojibwa, Oneida, Osage, Pawnee, Sauk, Seminole, and Sioux peoples. These men could transmit over open radio channels, knowing that the enemy would be unable to break their code. If a military term did not exist in their languages, a phrase was used in its place: A submarine became an iron fish; a fighter plane became a hummingbird; a squad became a black street. In all, throughout WW2, over 400 terms were developed and needed to be memorised by each code talker.

The code talkers continued to be used after the end of the war, which delayed their recognition by the wider public – until documentaries about their service finally began to emerge in the 1990s. In 2002, the U.S. Congress passed the Code Talkers Recognition Act, followed by a similar act in 2008 to honour the tribes who used their languages in the wartime service of the United States.

The use of code talkers was a socially complex one: The languages that were so invaluable to the US military were the very tools that the US government had been trying to eradicate in the name of cultural assimilation. Between 1880 and 1905, boarding schools were established, in which Native American children were taken from their families and educated; they were taught to reject their Native values, languages, traditions and anything to do with their native culture. They were punished, sometimes severely, for using their native tongues; they were forced to dress like the “white man”, and were not allowed to wear their native garments or have any vestiges of their tribes. Some 100,000 Native Americans were forced to attend such schools. Parents who resisted the kidnapping of their children were imprisoned; several from the Hopi tribe were even imprisoned on Alcatraz Island. Though most of these schools had been closed by the 1930s, the cultural and psychological damage had taken its toll on many native people groups, many of whom still struggle with their cultural identities today. At the time these young warriors were called into military service or chose to join after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, many were not even legal American citizens, yet they fought for their land and their families.

With that background in mind, the dedication and ingenuity of the code talkers are all the more astounding. They were often in the first wave of soldiers deployed as they were needed to pass on messages for the strategic planning and execution of driving back the Japanese from the Pacific islands. In addition to the Pacific arena, the European front also benefited from the code talkers’ ability to communicate directly with each other: Comanche code talkers were assigned to the 4th Infantry Division when it landed at Normandy in June 1944. In this context, some of the Comanche substitutes were turtle for tank, a pregnant bird for bomber, and crazy white man was their term for Adolf Hitler – a more insightful term has never been more aptly applied.

For a fascinating look into a history largely forgotten, please click on the following video recounting code talkers telling their stories firsthand as they return to the Pacific Islands with their families and find peace after decades of PTSD. The video is 1:10, but well worth the time when you can take it: Navajo Code Talkers of World War II (2018) | Documentary

Other sources:

https://eji.org/news/history-racial-injustice-cultural-genocide/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/code-talker

8 Comments

Filed under History, History Undusted, Humanity Highlights, Liguistics, Linguistics, Links to External Articles, Military History, Psychology Undusted, Snapshots in History, YouTube Link

The Fascinating History Behind the Fraktur Typeface

Last Sunday at church, a friend filled an entire room with her late father’s books, setting up an impromptu book shop. I chose several books, most of which are in Fraktur typeface, known to some people as “Gothic” or “Old German”. I enjoy reading such books because they offer a snapshot of a cultural way of thinking. The books I chose were printed between 1877 and 1940. The latter date is significant, as you’ll soon see.

First of all, let’s clarify a few terms: Though many people think of font and typeface as interchangeable, in fact, they refer to two different aspects of a writing style. Typeface refers to a particular style of lettering (e.g. Times New Roman), while font refers to the variations within that style, such as size and weight (CAPS, bold, italic, etc.). Another term we know but may not fully understand is Serif: This refers to the small stroke or line attached to the larger stroke of a letter; an example would be an A with “feet” at the bottom of each down-stroke. Sans Serif simply means “without Serif”.

The first moveable-type printing press, designed by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany around 1440, was based on the ancient Roman design of a screw press used to press wine or oil, which in turn went on to be used to press designs into cloths. He was likely familiar with intaglio printing and may have done some work himself in copper engraving.  These designs and uses likely fermented in his inventor’s mind into what became the revolutionary turning point of literacy. Gutenberg’s original typeface was called Donatus-Kalender; the metal type design was itself a form of Textura (more on that in a moment).

Donatus Kalender
Example of Blackletter (Source: Wikipedia)

This original family of typefaces was known as “Blackletter”, aka “Gothic scripts”, with the height of popularity peaking around the 14th to 15th centuries. The ancestor of the Blackletter was called the Carolingian minuscule, a calligraphic standard of handwriting widely used in the medieval period, when literacy began increasing and a need for books in a wide range of subjects began to be in demand. It is thought to have been developed in the mid-770s by Benedictine monks north of Paris in the Corbie Abbey, famous for its scriptorium and library. The minuscule itself was derived from Roman Uncial as well as Irish Insular script, which was developed in Irish monasteries and spread throughout Europe.

Carolingian Minuscule
Roman Uncial
From the Book of Kells, an example of the Irish Insular script

The family of Blackletter typefaces included Early Gothic, which was a transitional script between the Carolingian miniscule and Textura (the most calligraphic form of Blackletter); Schwabacher was a form popular in early German print typefaces (it became widely known with the spread of Luther Bibles from 1522), in use from the 15th century until it was eventually replaced by Fraktur around 1530, though it was still used alongside Fraktur for emphasis, much like we use bold or italic today.

Schwabacher Typeface
Textura Typeface

Another blackletter typeface developed between 1470 and 1600: Antiqua. This typeface’s letters were designed to look like the handwriting of ancient Roman documents, with the letters flowing together, strokes connecting them in a continuous line, whereas Fraktur was distinguished by having letters “fractured” – separate from one another. The Antiqua-Fraktur Dispute deserves its own article, so stay tuned!

Antiqua Typeface (Source: Wikipedia)
Fraktur Typeface (Source: Fonts in Use)

The Habsburg Emperor Maximillian I (1459-1519) was King of the Romans* from 1486 to 1519 [the title of king was used by the kings of East Francia, the territory later referred to as the Kingdom of Germany, from the time of Henry II (1002) to Joseph II (1764)]. The king commissioned the artist Albrecht Dürer to create a series of woodcut engravings of the Triumphal Arch [Though many are familiar with the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, it is only one example of this ancient Roman architectural feature used as a free-standing structure (rather than the Greek version, which was used within a structure such as a temple).]. These engravings would be used to create what we would recognize today as essentially wallpaper, though its purpose was more of a statement of power or propaganda (read personal marketing) commemorating his nobility, generosity, and military conquests – an incongruous combination, if you ask those conquered… The final composite of printed papers stood nearly 3 metres (12 feet) high and was only one part of a series of three enormous prints commissioned by the king.

Albrecht Dürer’s The Triumphal Arch, for Maximilian I

 The Fraktur typeface was designed in the 1530s by Hieronymus Andreae, a German woodblock cutter, printer, publisher, and typographer closely connected to Albrecht Dürer. The typeface was made to decorate the arch, telling the stories of the figures depicted throughout. The typeface became popular in Europe and was in use in the German-speaking world, as well as areas under its influence (Scandinavia, Central Europe, and some eastern European regions), into the 20th century. Specifically, Fraktur was in use in German until 1941, when it was actually banned (which places one of the books I purchased on Sunday within one year of the end of the era of Fraktur!). The atmosphere that led to that ban arose from the dispute mentioned above. Once the Nazis were defeated, the ban was lifted, but Fraktur never regained its widespread popularity after that, though you can still see it occasionally in pub signs or various forms of ads, like beer brands.

I just pulled two books from my library shelves: One is an English book originally printed in 1895, with my book being printed in 1915; the other is a German book printed in 1892. The typefaces are widely different: The English text likely used the French Oldstyle, while the German book uses Renaissance Fraktur for the text body, while the end pages act as indexes and use a variety of blackletter typefaces, such as Muenchner Fraktur, Antike Kanzlei, and Enge verzierte Altdeutsch. To see examples of the typefaces mentioned here, please click on the link for Fonts In Use.

I hope you enjoyed this jaunt through history! Nearly every name mentioned, every typeface, and every event deserves its own undusting. Next time, we’ll deep-dive into the dispute that lasted well over a century!

3 Comments

Filed under Articles, Etymology, History, History Undusted, Humanity Highlights, Images, Liguistics, Linguistics, Links to External Articles, Military History, Signs, Snapshots in History

Who’s Who in Quotes: Will Rogers

Will Rogers is one of those larger-than-life characters who seemed to have had his fingers in every pie imaginable: Born in November 1879 as a Cherokee Nation citizen in the Indian Territory now known as Oklahoma, he was the youngest of eight siblings, only three of whom survived into adulthood. His mother died when he was just ten years old. By the time he was 20, he’d begun appearing in rodeos, and in 1902 at the age of 22, he and a friend moved to Argentina to find work as gauchos (a skilled horseman, hired by ranchers in many South American countries). When their adventure failed, and they’d lost all their money, Will couldn’t bear to ask for money from home, so he took a boat to South Africa, where he was hired as a ranch hand. His career as a trick roper began there, as he joined the Texas Jack’s Wild West Circus. From there, armed with a letter of reference from Texas Jack, he moved to Australia and joined the Wirth Brothers Circus as a rider and trick roper. By 1904, he’d returned to the States and performed in the St. Louis World’s Fair, then began using his riding and roping skills in the Vaudeville circuits; he was often billed as The Cherokee Kid. His natural humour hit a chord with audiences, who loved his frontier twang of an accent coupled with his off-the-cuff wit and commentary on current events; he built his later career around that talent.

In 1908, he married Betty Blake, and they had four children; three survived into adulthood, all of whom went on to have careers in the public eye in one way or another.

By 1916, Rogers was a featured star in Ziegfeld’s Follies on Broadway; from there he branched off into silent films; at that time, most films were made in or around New York, which allowed him to continue performing on Broadway. The New York Times syndicated his weekly newspaper column, “Will Rogers Says”, from 1922 to 1935; he also wrote for The Saturday Evening Post; this progressed into books – over 30 of them. He also hosted a radio program, telling jokes and discussing current events with his simple, disarming humour.

Click here to see a short, 3-minute video showcasing some of his amazing rope tricks.

He was an avid supporter of the aviation industry, and he took many opportunities to fly to his various engagements. In 1926, while touring Europe, he saw how much more advanced the commercial services were there in comparison to the States; his newspaper columns often emphasized the safety and speed of travel aeroplanes offered, which helped shape public opinion about the new mode of transport.

In 1935, Wiley Post, a famous aviator of his time, proposed flying from the West Coast to Russia to find a mail-and-passenger air route, and Rogers asked to go with him in order to find new material for his newspaper columns. Post’s plane was modified for the long flight, and floats were added for landing on water. On 15 August, they took off from Fairbanks, Alaska, for Point Barrow, a headland on the Arctic coast. Bad weather hindered their ability to calculate their position, and, after landing in a lagoon to ask directions and taking off again, the engine failed at low altitude and plunged into the lagoon, killing both men. Rogers was 55.

In such a short life, he left a huge legacy in many fields of entertainment and helped shape public perspectives on politics and civil responsibility. He was a household name in the early 20th Century and a trusted voice during the Great Depression, identifying with the struggles of the average American and holding a mirror to politics with his witty satire.

Here are a few of his famous quotes:

  • Be thankful we’re not getting all the government we’re paying for.
  • Even if you are on the right track, you will get run over if you just sit there.
  • Everything is funny, as long as it’s happening to somebody else.
  • I don’t make jokes. I just watch the government and report the facts.
  • My ancestors didn’t come over on the Mayflower, but they were there to meet the boat.
  • Live so that you wouldn’t be ashamed to sell the family parrot to the town gossip.
  • The only difference between death and taxes is that death doesn’t get worse every time Congress meets.
  • The trouble with practical jokes is that very often they get elected.
  • There’s no trick to being a humorist when you have the whole government working for you.
  • This country has come to feel the same when Congress is in session as when the baby gets hold of a hammer.
Will Rogers

2 Comments

Filed under History, History Undusted, Humanity Highlights, Quotes, Snapshots in History, YouTube Link

Etymology Undusted: Murphy’s Law

The adage “Murphy’s Law” refers to the idea that anything that can go wrong will go wrong. You forget your umbrella and it will be sure to rain; your computer crashes at the worst possible moment; your worst itch is always where you can least reach it, and so on.

Similar sentiments are centuries old: E.g. Augustus D. Morgan, a British mathematician, wrote in 1866: “Whatever can happen, will happen”; Alfred Holt, an engineer, wrote in 1877: “It is found that anything that can go wrong at sea generally does go wrong sooner or later.” British stage magician Nevil Maskelyne wrote in 1908, “Everything that can go wrong will go wrong.”

But who was Murphy? And why is it his law? I’d always assumed that Murphy was either a fictional black sheep created to blame everything on, or someone from a century or more ago, much like Hobson of the “Hobson’s Choice” idiom; but Murphy’s Law comes from the 1940s aerospace era.

The “law” was coined by and named after Edward A. Murphy Jr. (b.11 January 1918; d.17 July 1990):  Born in the Panama Canal Zone in 1918, he finished high school in New Jersey and eventually graduated from West Point in 1940, joining the Army Air Corps, serving in the Pacific Theatre of World War 2, and in the Korean War, reaching the rank of major. According to his obituary on findagrave.com, he is credited with design work on crew escape systems for some of the most famous experimental aircraft of the 20th century, including the F-4 Phantom, the SR-71 Blackbird, the X-15 rocket plane, and later the Apache helicopter. He also worked on safety and life support systems for NASA’s Apollo space missions. Although he was apparently chagrined by the namesake, he believed in the concept as a key to good defensive design – that one must always assume worst-case scenarios and work to counter them in thorough planning, engineering and execution of mechanical designs.

Around 1948, Murphy and his team were testing rocket sleds, which were used to test the acceleration of equipment deemed too hazardous to test in a piloted aircraft and also to test missile components without risking actual (more expensive) missiles in the testing. The saying arose when training his engineers to avoid designing missile components that could be confused one for another; he said, “If a part can be installed in more than one position, it will be incorrectly installed in the field.” Perhaps Murphy was familiar with the sentiment of those past engineers, given his background in engineering, but wherever it came from, his name was attached and, as they say, the rest is history.

Edward Aloysius Murphy Jr, in his West Point uniform

5 Comments

Filed under Etymology, History, History Undusted, Humanity Highlights, Military History, Science & Technology, Space, Astronomy